新・アラビア半島定点観測 前田高行責任編集

(注）本シリーズは「マイライブラリー」で一括してご覧いただけます。
http://mylibrary.maeda1.jp/0444MenaRank12.pdf

（MENAなんでもランキング・シリーズ　その１２）

2018.6.18

前田　高行

（君主制国家が上位を占めるMENA！）

２.　MENA諸国の２０１８年「世界平和指数」

(表http://menarank.maeda1.jp/12-T01.pdf　参照)

　MENA１９カ国１機関の中で最も平和度が高いのはクウェイトで、世界ランクでは１６３カ国中の４２位である。因みに世界で最も平和度が高いとされる国はアイスランドであり、日本は世界第９位である。

　クウェイトに次いでＭＥＮＡ第２位はUAEで同国の世界ランクは４５位、MENA第３位はカタール(世界５６位）である。４位以下は少し離れてモロッコ(世界７１位)、オマーン(同７３位)、チュニジア(同７８位)が７０位台に並んでいる。これら６か国が世界１６３か国中の上位グループに入っている。このほか世界１００位以内にあるのはヨルダン(９８位)であり、それ以外の１２か国１機関はいずれも１００位以下である。

世界１００位以内でMENA上位の国の顔ぶれを見るとチュニジア以外は全て君主制国家であることがわかる。これらの君主制国家はいずれも君主(国王または首長)が絶対的な権力を保持している。MENAは絶対君主制国家が命脈を保っている世界的にも珍しい地域であるが、そのような絶対君主制国家の平和度がイラン、トルコ、エジプト、イラクなどの共和制国家よりも高いことがMENA地域の大きな特徴である。因みに同じ君主制国家でもサウジアラビア及びバハレーンの世界ランクはそれぞれ１２９位及び１３０位であり他の君主制国家よりかなり低い。

MENA８位のアルジェリア以下の国々はいずれも世界１００位以下であり、このためMENAの平和度の世界平均ランクは１１６位と極めて低い水準にある。MENAの大国であるイラン、エジプトおよびトルコはそれぞれ１３１位、１４２位、１４９位である。

世界１４０位台にはエジプト、トルコの他イスラエル、パレスチナ自治政府、レバノンがひしめいている。イスラエルは経済、社会に関する世界ランクでは常に上位を占め、MENA諸国の中でも１，２位を争っている[１]が、平和度は世界１４６位と極めて厳しい評価である。さらにイラクは１６０位、シリアは世界最下位の１６３位であり「イスラーム国」などの過激組織と内戦状態を続けてきた両国は世界で最も平和度が低い。

因みに日本は世界９位であるが、米国は世界１２１位と中国(同１１２位)よりも低い。

なお平和指数ランクでは安全度に応じてVery high(非常に高い), High(高い), Medium（中程度）, Low(低い)及びVery low(非常に低い)の５段階に分類されている。日本はVery highであるが、MENA地域ではクウェイト、UAE、カタール、モロッコ、オマーン及びチュニジアの６カ国がHighにランク付けされている。またヨルダン及びアルジェリアはMediumとされ米国及び中国も同じ範疇である。そしてサウジアラビア、イラン、エジプト、イスラエル等はLowレベルとされ、トルコ、リビア、イエメン、イラク、シリアの５カ国は最も低いVery lowのレベルとされている。

 (続く)

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        前田　高行         〒183-0027 東京都府中市本町2-31-13-601

                               Tel/Fax; 042-360-1284, 携帯; 090-9157-3642

                                  E-Mail; maeda1@jcom.home.ne.jp                          

Home Page: OCIN INITIATIVE

(Japanese Version)

(Arabic Version)

(Table of contents)

By Areha Kazuya

E-mail: areha_kazuya@jcom.home.ne.jp

Chapter 4: War and Peace in The Middle East

4-5(33)　The war in Afghanistan: Bitter enemies in the same boat

After the era of brief peace and prosperity in the first half of the 1970s, the Middle East was suddenly rolled in by gun smoke in the latter half of 1970s. In 1978, the Communist regime was born in Afghanistan where sandwiched between Iran and Pakistan. Afghanistan has long been a crossroad of trade in the 19th century. Russian Empire had traditional policy of southward expansion aimed for the Indian Ocean from Central Asia. Meanwhile East India Company of British Empire which monopolized trade with Asian countries tried to secure a trade route from Oman to India. Both empires crashed. It was called "Great Game" and Afghanistan became multiple areas of conflict. In the early 1970s when the Afghan monarchy was falling down and the Communist party gripped the power with the support of USSR, USSR got a big opportunity to control the region.

However, Afghanistan, where was controlled by a traditional tribal society and a strong Islamic faith, has gained momentum for unti-government rebels rather than stability. The inferior central government called for reinforcements to the USSR. In spite of the opposition of the international community, USSR began military intervention in 1979. After that, for ten years until the troops of USSR withdrew, civil war in mire had continued in Afghanistan.

It was the "Mujahidin" that battled in the center of the rebels in civil war. Mujahidin means jihad (holy war) warrior of Islam in local language. For Mujahidin of Islam jihad, communism that advocated atheism was the incarnation of evil. Communism was much more difficult to accept than Christianity or Judaism.

Muslims believe that God of Christianity and Yahweh of Judaism are the same existence with Allah of Islam. For the Islam, one of the three major monotheism, Allah is the same as God and Yahweh, because the supreme existence is the only one Creator. Muslims believe that prophets written in the Old Testament was the first batch of the prophets. Jesus Christ was a prophet of the second from the last prophet. And Muhammad was the last prophet. Although the Christian believes that Jesus Christ was the Son of God. Muslims, however, understand that God had no child, so Jesus Christ was one of the prophets. Monotheists do not admit the religion which believes plural supreme, so-called polytheism. Therefore, they consider the polytheism of ancient Greek is a religion of evil. They might also think that Japanese traditional faith that there are eight million deities in natural world is a religion of barbarian. But monotheists can accept polytheists because polytheists themselves believe the supreme existence. They cannot accept atheism of communist society.

For Muslims, atheism is not only unable to understand but also the thought of devil. Mujahidin did fight against the communist government on behalf of Allah. Muslims in the Arab countries sympathized for the Mujahidin. Muslims in the oil-rich Gulf countries worshiped at the mosque for Afghanistan jihad fighters and then put money into the Zakat box when leaving mosque. Zakat means the donation and is a religious duty of Muslims. They were willing to donate. The donated money to back up the Afghan war could not be made public, so the money was laundered through several banks. Later donation for the war in the mosque and its money laundering transformed into a fund route for Islamic extremists. Governments of the Middle Eastern and the Western countries were silent or encouraged at the time、nevertheless they are plagued nowadays.

In the Afghan war the Arab countries supplied soldiers and money. While the United States supplied modern weapons and intelligent information via Pakistan. The information includes the deployment of USSR’s missile and army acquired by military satellites. They collaborated each other against the USSR socialist regime. The joint operation between Islam and Christianity, though historically being hostile relations, exactly looked like "Bitter enemies in the same boat".

The principles that both camps aimed to overthrow the USSR was completely different. The Arab camp had intense antipathy to communist atheism. The USSR was the Devil or Satan. Therefore, it was jihad (holy war) to defeat communism ideology. Arabs are implanted ethnicity and Islam religion. Arabs have no room for ideology. In contrast, the purpose of the United States to defeat the USSR was very clear. It was to hold the hegemony of the world order based on battle of ideology: Liberalism against Socialism, Capitalism against Communism. After the muddy Vietnamese War ended in 1975, the United States grabbed the world leadership at the advanced country Summit (G7) in the same year. For the United States, the USSR was the last enemy. The Afghan war was the forefront.

In the Afghan War, a large number of volunteer soldiers participated from Arab countries. Among them the biggest name was Usama bin Ladin of Saudi Arabia. There is no person who doesn’t know his name. Let review briefly his career how he became the terrorist.

Bin Ladin was born in Jeddah in Saudi Arabia in 1957. His father was origin of Yemen and in youngster he moved to Jeddah just near Holy City Makkah. He stepped up from peddler on the street, and then got the favor of Abdul Aziz Al-Saud, first king of Saudi Arabia. When Usama bin Ladin was born in 1957, his father was already the owner of the biggest construction conglomerate in the country. He got married with many women and Bin Ladin was his 17th son. At the age of 11 Usama lost his father by airplane crush, and he received a legacy of 300 million dollars. He then entered Islamic Seminary (Madrasa) and devoted himself to extreme Islamic fundamentalism. When he was 22 years old he went to Afghanistan as a volunteer soldier. Many madrassas were built in Afghanistan with financial aid by Saudi Arabia, and Mujahideen (jihad fighters) were brainwashed by the Islamic fundamentalist idea. It was a matter of course that Usama immediately came to the top of foreign volunteer soldiers because he had 300 million dollars.

The USSR were gradually driven into a corner and finally withdrew in 1988. The Arab-Muslim countries won the religious war against atheism and the United States won the ideological war against socialism. The Afghan war brought about the collapse of the USSR. In the United States, religious sociologist Professor Francis Fukuyama wrote "The end of History and the Last Man". The era of America First emerged and the illusion has been created as if an eternal world peace would be realized.

However, Afghan War also had a negative aspect to make many problems hidden in the shadows of history come to the surface. The United States forced Middle East countries to liberalize and democratize politics. It was a pressing of Western ideology. But behind ideology, there were Evangelicalism of Christianity and Neo-Conservatism in ideology.

Meanwhile, in the Islamic countries, the Iranian revolution broke out in 1979. Religious politics by Shiite leader Ayatollah Khomeini generated a conflict with the Sunni Arab countries and resulted in the Iran-Iraq war. Furthermore, secularism and fundamentalism crashed inside the Sunni Arab countries. In addition, terrorism by extremist spread inside of the fundamentalism. Chaotic confusion had appeared.

(To be continued ----)

（(注）本シリーズは「マイライブラリー」で一括してご覧いただけます。
http://mylibrary.maeda1.jp/0444MenaRank12.pdf

MENAなんでもランキング・シリーズ　その１２）

2018.6.14

前田　高行

　中東北アフリカ諸国は英語のMiddle East & North Africaの頭文字をとってMENAと呼ばれています。MENA各国をいろいろなデータで比較しようと言うのがこの「MENAなんでもランキング・シリーズ」です。「MENA」は日頃なじみの薄い言葉ですが、国ごとの比較を通してその実態を理解していただければ幸いです。なおMENAの対象国は文献によって多少異なりますが、本シリーズでは下記の１９の国と１機関（パレスチナ）を取り扱います。（アルファベット順）

　アルジェリア、バハレーン、エジプト、イラン、イラク、イスラエル、ヨルダン、クウェイト、レバノン、リビア、モロッコ、オマーン、パレスチナ自治政府、カタール、サウジアラビア、シリア、チュニジア、　トルコ、UAE（アラブ首長国連邦）、イエメン、

　これら１９カ国・１機関をおおまかに分類すると、宗教的にはイスラエル（ユダヤ教）を除き、他は全てイスラム教国家でありOIC（イスラム諸国会議機構）加盟国です。なおその中でイラン、イラクはシーア派が政権政党ですが、その他の多くはスンニ派の政権国家です。また民族的にはイスラエル（ユダヤ人）、イラン（ペルシャ人）、トルコ（トルコ人）以外の国々はアラブ人の国家であり、それらの国々はアラブ連盟(Arab League)に加盟しています。つまりMENAはイスラム教スンニ派でアラブ民族の国家が多数を占める国家群と言えます。

　第１２回のランキングは、NGOグループVision of HumanityがThe Economist Intelligence Unit (EIU、英国の経済誌エコノミストの一部門)のデータをもとに取りまとめた「The Global Peace Index 2018」からMENA諸国をとりあげて比較しました。

＊Vision of Humanityのホームページ：

http://visionofhumanity.org/app/uploads/2018/06/Global-Peace-Index-2018-2.pdf

１．「The Global Peace Index」について

Global Peace Indexは、各国の平和の程度およびそれを維持するための機能を指数化し、ランク付けしたものである。２００７年に実施された第１回調査ではその対象は１２１カ国であったが、その後毎年着実に増え、今回の２０１８年版では１６３カ国を対象に調査が行われている。因みにMENA諸国については１９カ国１機関全てが評価付けされている。

平和指数はEIU社の国別調査員と外部ネットワークの協力を得て作成されている。指数は小型破壊兵器（銃、小型爆発物など）の入手の容易さ、国防費、汚職、人権に対する尊重の度合いなど２４項目をベースにして作成されたものである。

「世界平和指数」の査定結果には以下のような特徴が見られる。

・      平和の度合いは収入、教育制度、地域一体化のレベル等の指標に関連している。

・      平和な国の多くは政府の透明性が高く、汚職が少ない。

・      小さいが安定した国は平和のランクが高い。

(続く)

本稿に関するコメント、ご意見をお聞かせください。

        前田　高行         〒183-0027 東京都府中市本町2-31-13-601

                               Tel/Fax; 042-360-1284, 携帯; 090-9157-3642

                                  E-Mail; maeda1@jcom.home.ne.jp