中東の戦後70年

2018年10月21日

Home Page: OCIN INITIATIVE

(Japanese Version)

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(Table of contents)

 

By Areha Kazuya

E-mail: areha_kazuya@jcom.home.ne.jp

Chapter 6: Genealogy of Islamic terrorism

 

6-8(51) Short spring banquet

 

"Arab Spring" was named by Western countries, in particular by its media or intellectuals. It was defined as resistance and democratization movement by citizens against the tyranny of dictators in the Middle East and North African countries. The word "spring" in the political scene was used in the Czech democratization movement under the Cold War for the first time, so-called "Prague Spring". The word implied the positive and open-minded meaning. It became a symbol of the resistance movement against USSR communism. Western Europe media became narcissistic to the word itself. In 1968 the Prague Spring was ground down by the intervention of USSR. But in 1989 the Velvet Revolution took place in Czechoslovakia and Unification of East and West Germany followed in the next year. Western countries were convinced that democracy was absolutely correct ideology and that Prague Spring was its forerunner.

 

‘Prague Spring’ made the West European people to believe that Arab Spring would also succeed undoubtedly. However, it could not be denied that Arab Spring brought even more bad chaos and stagnation to each country than before. Human history shows that the radical seeks further reform and the conservatism aims the resurrection of a good old days. They used to fight each other and the society had been disturbed immediately after major reforms. Taking into consideration that it took more than 20 years for the Czech democratization movement to be fulfilled, it might be too early to judge historical meaning of the Arab Spring. After 20 years from now Arab countries might possibly turn into Western style democracy. But it will be exactly "Inshallah (if God wills)."

 

However, it would not be meaningless at this moment to evaluate both countries which were influenced by Arab Spring and which were not. Three identities of Arab World; "Blood (ethnicity)", "Heart (religious faith)" and "Brain (ideology)" would clarify the character of each Arab countries.

 

In Egypt, the demonstration mainly being composed of students took place in Tahrir (Revolution) Square in Cairo in January 2011. It was exactly same timing with the "Jasmine Revolution" in Tunisia. Following on the voices of young students who called to participate to demonstration by SNS, the demonstration had expanded its scale and filled the Tahrir Square. They shouted waving their flags and chanted the slogan; "Kefaya (We are bored)!" They asked for resignation of President Mubarak. Security forces, the followers of President Mubarak, did not overwhelm demonstrators. Police officers on site showed a friendly attitude to the demonstrators at first. To tell the truth, officers themselves were also "Kefaya" for the President.

 

Mubarak, who gave up to persuade public opinion, resigned from the president in February 2011. Then he was arrested on charges of unlawful money making and held in prison. The demonstration continued for a while and the government became malfunction. Citizens hoped to return to a normal and quiet life. The security force ordered to dismiss the demonstration. Students were in the euphoria at that moment with the result of achieving the retreat of Mubarak. But it was unfortunate that they had no clear vision or opinions as to what should be done next or they had insisted different opinion each other.

 

It was the Muslim Brotherhood that gained the power. They squeezed into the gap between citizens and students. The Muslim Brotherhood had already deeply rooted in the life of citizen as a mutual aid organization of Muslims. In response to the general election, they formed a political party, namely "Freedom and Justice Party". On the other hand, students and intellectuals aimed to establish liberal political party.

 

But the prominent intellectuals of the liberal movement had exiled to Western Europe during the Mubarak regime. They were accustomed to the free and safe life there. They were argumentative intellectuals without action and could not understand the pain of the citizens stayed in Egypt. They could not organize the unified political party and could not coordinate with the ordinary citizen who suffered from tyranny. Students who had too much confidence of the SNS power. Even though they could mobilize large-scale demonstration, they could not make the people to join. They had to stand by the well-organized Muslim Brotherhood which took the leadership. Students lamented that the revolution was hijacked by Muslim Brotherhood. It was true that young people spread the news of suicide tragedy of a Tunisian youth by SNS and led the movement of "Arab Spring". However, democratic ideology was still not rooted in Islamic society like in Europe or the United States. Middle East Arab world is still the society that is dominated by blood of ethnicity and religious faith of Islam.

51EgyptMorsi
 

Freedom and Justice Party of the Muslim Brotherhood gained overwhelming victory in the first fair election in Egyptian history. The reign of President Mohamed Morsi, however, had lasted only one year and so. Morsi with little political experience repeatedly fainted from the economic policy management. In addition, the peoples' heart was completely left from the Muslim Brotherhood due to its nepotism for their members. Young people again demonstrated on the street. Egyptian society became turbulent. People dragged down their President who had elected just a year ago. Abdel Fatah el-Sisi, the military commander, grabbed the power by coup detat and dismissed Morsi. The military government has come back again. Egypt returned to the military regime with strong power. Arab Spring in Egypt ended in two years. People welcomed Sisi enthusiastically and the international community including the Western democratic countries welcomed the political and economic stability of Egypt which was the leader of Arab world.

 

The destiny of "Arab Spring" in other Middle Eastern countries was much shorter than Egypt. Many of them fell into chaos and disorder. After the fall of Gaddafi in Libya, a large number of weapons flowed into the black market and resulted in a civil war between tribes. Same as in Yemen. President Saleh was exiled abroad. Saudi Arabia, as a mediator, helped to establish a new interim government. But as Yemen is the tribal society, Houthi factions gained momentum and former President Saleh joined to Houthi insurgency and occupied the capital Sana'a. The Hadi interim government escaped to Aden and managed to maintain a power with the support by Saudi-led coalition’s airstrike. From the criteria of peace of the international community, Yemen is stigmatized as failed state same as Libya.

 

Syria would be the best example of Arab Spring ended in a failed state. In Syria political powers including Assad administration, Islamic State (IS), Sunni anti-government forces, etc. were split into many factions. At the same time there was also a fight between the international powers which was involved in the fight in search for hegemony. Islamic State was almost destroyed through international cooperation, but while the West and the Arab Sunni countries took a time, the Assad regime with Russian support regained the power. The democratic forces in Syria, which was expected as a flagman of the Arab Spring, revealed inability and was completely diminished.

 

What was the "Arab Spring"? There is endless debate until now. The word “Spring” sounds sweet. The word causes misunderstanding. Western people use “Spring” and democracy almost in the same political meaning. They insist that democracy is absolutely the right ideology in modern society. If so, why they force on their own theory denying the different culture? They are not generous for others.

 

Anyhow, it can be said that "Arab Spring" was a short spring banquet in 2011.

 

(To be continued ----)




drecom_ocin_japan at 09:16コメント(0) 

2018年10月14日

Home Page: OCIN INITIATIVE

(Japanese Version)

(Arabic Version)

(Table of contents)

 

By Areha Kazuya

E-mail: areha_kazuya@jcom.home.ne.jp

Chapter 6: Genealogy of Islamic terrorism

 

6-7(50) Arab spring has come

 

Even after the collapse of Hussein regime in Iraq in 2003, many of the Arab countries remained as authoritarian states or hereditary monarchic states of dictatorship. It was not exaggeration to say that democratic states of Western style were only Algeria in North Africa, Lebanon in the Middle East, and Iraq which was beaten up by the United States and struggling for democratization. Gaddafi in Libya, Assad in Syria, Saleh in Yemen, Mubarak in Egypt and Ben Ali in Tunisia. All of them had maintained the dictatorship for nearly 30 years each.

 

Dictatorship is not always a bad thing. Dictator has a good skill to grab the hearts of the people. In many cases dictator often appears as a hero when the country becomes unsafe and the people moves about in confusion in social and economic turmoil. They acknowledge that he is a dictator, but they have been tired of the confusion. They expect that dictator may bring stability to society. Dictator materializes the order of society by an authoritarian method and catches the heart of citizens firmly with claptrap policy. People enthusiastically support him. They ask him to stay as a leader as long as possible.

 

It is a matter of course that dictator manipulates public opinion with cunning manner. The constitution which prohibited the president 's multiple selection is revised unanimously and he becomes the lifetime president. Then the state will be at the discretion of the dictator. His power becomes quite firm and the regime looks like to continue forever. Furthermore, the dictatorship will transfer to next generation. In Syria, president post was taken over from Hafiz Assad to his son, Bashar Assad, in 2000. The same were Gaddafi of Libya and Mubarak of Egypt where the son intended to inherit power from his father.

 

But absolute power corrupts absolutely. During the long dictatorship, political and social organization erodes gradually. The economy falls into trap of stagflation. Daily life of ordinary people seems not to have been influenced at first sight because the prices of bread, gasoline, water and electricity are maintained in low under the claptrap policy. But the jobless is wandering on the street and ordinary citizens suffer from a opaque feeling which cannot forecast the future.

 

Such a desperate feeling of the common people ignited tragedy in Tunisia in December 2010. Police officers arrested a young jobless man who had been selling vegetables on the street without license by the authority. At that time, the unemployment rate in Tunisia reached in 14%. But unemployment rate of the young generation was terribly as high as 25 to 30%. A young man who was deprived of his bread burned himself to death at the square in front of the city hall protesting against the authority. The burning suicide itself is not so rare in the Islamic world. The incident was reported by local newspaper in the trivial article.

50ArabSpring
 

However, as one passer-by recorded the incident on the video by chance and posted it to YouTube. The fact expanded at one push. SNS used to spread endlessly once posted on the Internet. The young people who saw the whole story of the tragedy on the Internet immediately launched protests and called for a demonstration. The demonstration quickly spread from the capital Tunis to all over the country. The demonstrators asked President Ben Ali to resign after 23 years reign. Most of the young participants didn’t know the other president since they were born. They cried "We are bored with long dictatorship!” i.e. Kefaya! in Arabic. President Ben Ali could not suppresse anti-government demonstration. After one month he finally exiled to Saudi Arabia after one month.

 

The political change in Tunisia was named the Jasmine Revolution after the national flower of the country. The fire of the revolution quickly spread not only in the northern African countries such as Egypt, Libya, Sudan but also to Syria and Jordan in Levant and Bahrain and Yemen in the Arabian Peninsula. In Cairo, the capital of Egypt, a large number of demonstrators gathered in Maidan(square) at Tahrir (Tahrir means revolution in Arabic) in response to Twitter's call. They collided with army force. There were many casualties. Mubarak's speech, which tried to quell the protestors, rather added fuel to the fire. Eventually President Mubarak resigned in February 2011.

 

The Western media named a series of revolution as "Arab Spring". The Arab Spring inspires anti-government activists in the Middle Eastern countries who were oppressed by tyranny of the dictatorship regime. In Yemen president Saleh was exposed to intense antigovernment demonstrations. His tribal groups and allies in the family betrayed him and he finally gave up dictatorship. One women activist, Tawakkol Karman, who was a leader of the antigovernment demonstration won the Nobel Peace Prize of that year.

 

(To be continued ----)




drecom_ocin_japan at 10:37コメント(0) 

2018年10月07日

Home Page: OCIN INITIATIVE

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(Table of contents)

 

By Areha Kazuya

E-mail: areha_kazuya@jcom.home.ne.jp

Chapter 6: Genealogy of Islamic terrorism

 

6-6(49) Kefaya ! People bored with long dictatorship

 

The Middle East and North Africa are collectively called MENA. It may sound strange to say that MENA region hardly had political change. Since the so-called "Arab Spring" in 2011, the area was hit by a storm of intense political change. However, from Ramadan War (Yom Kippur War) in 1973 to Arab Spring in 2011, most of Arab countries had no experience of the political change for nearly 40 years. The dictatorship continued so long in most of Middle Eastern countries. The long-dictatorship was not only by secular military power in Egypt, Syria but also by monarchic regime by the Gulf countries.

 

Most of the MENA countries are ethnically Arabs except Turkey, Iran and Israel. At the same time, Muslim occupies a majority religious group including Turkey and Iran. Whether the origin of the long-dictatorship regime is in the ethnicity of Arabs or the religion of Islam is difficult to define. It might be said that both of them brought about the long-term dictatorship. The answer is not easy in comparison with the Western countries. But ethnicity and religion are inevitable two elements. Anyhow it could be the right answer that the political stability maintained by dictatorship.

 

It can also be pointed out that the political stability in MENA countries did not bring about the progress of science and technology and the economic prosperity of each country, of which exception was that the Gulf countries achieved prosperity through the oil boom. Despite being a similar authoritarian politics, Southeast Asian countries such as Thailand and Indonesia had differently enjoyed economic prosperity.

 

Colonel Gaddafi of Libya was the first secular dictator in the MENA region. As mentioned in Chapter 4, he defeated the King Idris I in the coup and became the supreme leader in 1969. At that time he was only 27 years old. He kept that position for 42 years then ended the life of 69 at the civil war in 2011.

49aハフィーズ・アサド
49bバシャール・アサド
 

Hafiz al-Assad in Syria appeared after Colonel Gaddafi. Hafiz al-Assad from a minority tribe of the Alawi group in northern Syria, which is a Shiite faction, revealed himself within the Baath party after the Air Force officer. Hafiz was elected to the president in 1971 and established a strong regime. He appointed his second son, Bashar al-Assad, as the successor. Bashar al-Assad is the President of Syria until now surviving the long civil war. Reign of al-Assad dynasty has passed nearly half a century.

 

In addition to those who ran up to the top of the country in the 1970s and continued dictatorship for a long time afterwards, there were several dictators such as former Yemeni president Ali Abdullah Saleh or former Iraqi president Saddam Hussein. After serving as general commander in the army, Saleh was appointed president of North Yemen in 1978 at the age of 36 and kept the presidential post after the reunification of the South and the North Yemen. He was defeated in the Arab Spring in 2011 and lost his position. The term of office of the president was 33 years. After he was dismissed, however, he formed a coalition forces with Houthi insurgency, and occupied the capital Sana'a. Saleh himself was assassinated in 2017.

 

Saddam Hussein of Iraq was an executive officer of Baath Party and appointed president of Iraq in 1979. He survived in Iran-Iraq War and the Gulf War. But in 2003 Hussein regime fell down by Iraq War. Hussein was arrested and executed by a trial. The period of his presidency was 24 years.

 

In North African countries, not only in Libya but also in Egypt, Tunisia and Sudan held a long-dictatorship regime. In Egypt Hosni Mubarak climbed up to vice president from an air force officer through four wars with Israel. He was elected to the president in 1981 when Sadat was assassinated. Since then he had been the Egyptian president until the end of the Arab Spring in 2011. Ben Ali became Tunisian president in 1987. He was the first victim of the Arab Spring. He resigned and exiled to Saudi Arabia. The last man was Omar al-Bashir of Sudan. After graduating from the cadet in Cairo, Egypt, al-Bashir was promoted in the army and grabbed the power by the coup in 1989. He is still sitting in the presidential seat after almost 30 years.

 

These seven gentlemen were the ones who started from the bottom and reached to the top. But in the Middle East there is another type of powerful dictator. They are the ruling family of the Gulf monarchy such as Saudi Arabia. Saudi Arabia is an autocratic country ruled by the Saud family. GCC(Gulf Cooperation Organization) countries consisting of Saudi Arabia, UAE, Kuwait, Oman, Qatar and Bahrain have been the hereditary monarchy for more than a century period.

 

Young people born in the 1970s and 1980s in these countries had to notice that the head of state was unchanged when he or she became an adult and got married. Young people grew up in a society wrapped up with stagnation. They unanimously shouted; “We are bored!”, which meant in Arabic “Kefaya!”

 

"Kefaya" spread in the early 2000s as a slogan of the movement to protest the Mubarak regime in Egypt. Through the SNS of Internet this word spread in various countries and deeply penetrated among young people. It was the "Arab Spring" in 2011 that the word turned into an actual revolutionary movement.

 

(To be continued ----)





drecom_ocin_japan at 10:15コメント(0) 

2018年09月30日

Home Page: OCIN INITIATIVE

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By Areha Kazuya

E-mail: areha_kazuya@jcom.home.ne.jp

Chapter 6: Genealogy of Islamic terrorism

 

6-5(48) Monotheism distinguishing ally and enemy

 

President George W. Bush, who fell into the Iraq War, labeled Hussein's regime to be part of the axes of evil along with Iran and North Korea. He said that all of the countries in the world had to clarify their own position to belong either on the US side or the terror side and shouted that “Show the Flag!”. There was no alternative to allow ambiguity. For President Bush it was a confrontation between justice and injustice. In religious meaning, it was a confrontation between God and the Devil. In such case, needless to say, the United States was justice and an agent of God, and Iraq was injustice and an agent of the Devil. Monotheistic Christianity often uses its own logic to distinguish ally or enemy.

 

However, monotheistic Islam also had the same logic. For Islamic countries justice was in their side. They justified that they were the agents of Allah (God). They claimed that the United States and other Western Christian countries were injustice, and Western people were the agents of the Devil. The Satanic Verses incident in 1988 was a good example. A British writer Sir Salman Rashdie wrote a novel “The Satanic Verses” which was the lifetime story of Prophet Muhammad. Muslims accused the author that the novel insulted Prophet Muhammad and Islam. Iran's supreme leader, Ayatollah Khomeini, ordered death sentence for not only the author but also its publisher and foreign translators. Japanese translator who was an associate professor of the Tsukuba University in Japan was killed by unknown somebody.

 

Such fanatic reactions are peculiar to monotheism. Buddhism and polytheism like Greek myths or Shintoism in Japan teach that justice or injustice and God or the Devil are coexisting in one’s own minds. Although there is a struggle between the enemy and the ally, it is not a confrontation of justice and injustice and a fight between the agent of God and the agent of the Devil.

 

There would be three cases to classify the ally or the enemy in a monotheistic way of thinking which distinguish ally or enemy by means of justice or injustice and God (Allah) or the Devil. One is a confrontation with a different religion (pagan confrontation), the second one is a confrontation with the difference of sects (sectarian confrontation), and the third one is the confrontation with the orthodox faction and the heretical faction in the same sect (heretical confrontation). Terrorism used to occur in each confrontation.

 

Looking at these three confrontations in terms of Islam, the pagan confrontation is a confrontation between Islam and Christianity and/or Judaism. The example of pagan confrontations were the wars between Israel and the Arab countries, or terrorist attacks against the United States by Al Qaeda such as September 911 attacks and other terrorist attacks in various places of the world. The Afghan war against the USSR could also deemed to be a kind of pagan confrontation as monotheism versus atheism. Iran-Iraq War was a typical sectarian confrontation of Shiite vs. Sunni.

 

The heretical confrontation within the same sects is the confrontation between modern Islamic secularism and Islamic fundamentalism (Sarafism), but this has a little bit complicated problem. Because in this confrontation each side insists that they themselves are orthodox and condemned opponents as heretic or apostates. They assert that they are the followers of the correct teachings of Prophet Muhammad. They never withdrew each other. There is no room for compromise at all.

 

Heretical confrontation had also occurred in the medieval Christian society. It was a confrontation between Catholic and Protestant. But Christian society overcame the confrontation and coexists with no violation to others nowadays. Why Islam cannot overcome this confrontation?

 

In case of Islam, fundamentalism means Sarafism calling for returning to the spirit of early era of Prophet Muhammad. Fundamentalists are not trying to fit the doctrine and organization to modern society.

 

Why such an anachronism is justified? The answer might be found in the fact that the origin of Islam. Islam was born in the 14th century when the world trade system had already been well established. Fundamentalists preach that they can return to those days of seven centuries ago. Christianity also has fundamentalism. The name of fundamentalism itself was originally used in official bulletin of the Evangelical. Christianity started two thousand years ago, and it was the era of agricultural society and serfdom. It is impossible to return to that era and to trace everything in life. It is only possible to return to the spilit of Christ. However, Islamic fundamentalists seriously think about restoring lives of the good old day as much as possible.

 

As fundamentalists believe that they are absolutely right, they work on realizing their ideals in hasten. As a result, they are disliked not only by the enemy but also by the ordinary citizens. They force citizens to obey when they keep the power. Those who do not obey are violently cleared away as heretic or apostate. And fundamentalists recruit radical youth who was sympathized or inspired by their thought bring up him as a terrorist and a suicide bomber. When he performed his job, he was set up as a martyr. The ordinary citizens who are unable to oppose against fundamentalism endure and wait for the storm to pass.

 

The Iraq War started in a completely different circumstance and ended in different result. Mass destruction weapons that the United States considered as the reason of Iraq War were not found. And the evidence of the relationship between Hussein administration and Al Qaeda was also not found. At the Gulf War in 1991, there was a justification for liberating Kuwait, but this time the United States could not answer what the Iraq War was.

 

Nevertheless, the US insisted that the tyranny by Saddam Hussein was collapsed by the war and that the democracy was established in Iraq. But after the collapse of the Hussein regime Pandora's box was opened in Iraq. Three years later, Saddam Hussein was executed after a public trial in 2006, but Iraq still continues a political struggle in which Sunni and Shiites turned the tables. The Islamic State in Iraq and Syria (or al-Sham) (abbreviated ISIS) took the advantage of. Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi al-Husseini al-Quraishi proclaimed himself as Calif of Islamic State (IS) and tyrannized the region.

 

The United States brought about a big problem in the Middle East, following the British and France during the era of imperialism. Whether this was right or wrong will be judged in the future. Let’s remind Christian medieval argument of heresy for Protestant, it took hundreds of years before the problem settled down. It has to take a considerable length of time to judge the correctness of the current event in the Middle East Islamic world.

 

The confrontation of pagan, sectarian and heresy in the Middle East Islamic world could not become finale in just 100 years after World War II. However, both the United States and the IS who confront each other and dream to realize justice and the kingdom of God or Allah in this world are too hasty to settle.

 

It may sound very irresponsible, but for the time being there will be no choice but to watch the situation. In ancient poetry saying; The arrogant is not forever. It is just like a spring night’s dream.

 

(To be continued ----)




drecom_ocin_japan at 09:27コメント(0) 

2018年09月23日

Home Page: OCIN INITIATIVE

(Japanese Version)

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(Table of contents)

 

By Areha Kazuya

E-mail: areha_kazuya@jcom.home.ne.jp

Chapter 6: Genealogy of Islamic terrorism

6-4(47) War against Iraq, axis of evil

47ブッシュ大統領
 

September 11 attacks was an epoch-making incident in 2001. In January 2002, President George W. Bush criticized Iran, Iraq and North Korea as "rogue state" which supported international terrorism in the State of the Union. He named these three countries "Axis of evil".

 

"Rogue" and "Axis of evil" are words that are quite understandable. President Bush from Texas pretended as if he was a sheriff of an old Western movie. As the strongest leader in the world, his speech sounded a little bit careless. But it echoed comfortable for American people. It is quite the same as President Donald Trump nowadays. Anyway, for the ordinary citizens in the United States, United States is the sheriff of the world who keeps the justice of God and punishes evil.

 

President Bush's strategic philosophy was named Bush Doctrine. The ultimate principle of the doctrine was to confront the "rogue state" that could spread terrorists and mass destruction weapons  and to carry out the first-strike for self-defense if necessary. He declared that the world was either on the US side or on the terror’s side.

 

His philosophy was Neo conservatism that was composed of undercurrent in the modern American society. The adherents of Neoconservatism (so called Neocon) was a policy group related to the theory of political scientist Francis Fukuyama who was the author of “The End of History and the Last Man”. In the Afghan War Neocon joined hands with Islamic power to defeat the immediate enemy USSR, and in the Iran-Iraq war they supported the Hussein of Iraqi Sunni regime to defeat Iran of Shiites.

 

At the Gulf War in 1991, President H.W. Bush (Bush Senior) took military action without hesitation and repulsed Iraqi troops from Kuwait. But at that time, President H.W. Bush had to order Allied troops to withdraw from Iraq where they were just around the corner of Baghdad. It was due to the restriction of the UN resolution that the military action was permitted only for liberation of Kuwait. Hussein 's regime barely survived. Hussein had been holding the power domestically. He continued the reign of terror empowering military force and suppressing the antagonizing powers such as Shiites and Kurds.

 

President George W. Bush, son of H.W. Bush, suspected Hussein of concealment of weapons of mass destruction and connection with Al-Qaeda, an international terrorist organization. Having raised Bush Doctrine, the United States often preached military sanctions against Iraq at the United Nations. At the Security Council, in addition to Russia and China, France also opposed, while only Britain joined with the United States. G.W. Bush did not abandon hard-line stance of Neocon. It was necessary for Bush to overthrow Hussein’s regime and transform Iraq into a democratic state.  It was his father's dream which could not be realized in the Gulf War.

 

In March 2003, the United States formed coalition with several countries like the UK and Australia and attacked Iraq under the name of "Operation Iraqi Freedom". US army traditionally had two brave slogans in the battle field. Following the Second World War and the Gulf War, US solders again repeated two slogans in the war against Iraq; "Show the Flag!" and "Boots on the ground!".

 

"Show the flag" means to declare his identity and "Boots on the ground" is to stand up on the battlefield. When translate two phrases into one; “Push the flags up and get on the front line". In other words, you should make clear whether you are friend or enemy and to confront the enemy with courage in the battlefield. President G.W. Bush who was the descendant of Texas cowboy could understand his role as if he was a cavalry captain who kicked out Indians (now referred to as "Native American" as an anti-discriminatory word).

 

Without such a slogan the Iraqi army was outnumbered and defeated by coalition force overwhelmed physically. The battle finished quickly. After two-month President Bush declared the termination of large-scale battle on the nuclear aircraft carrier "Abraham Lincoln” in the Persian (Arabian) Gulf.

 

However, as well known, the post war investigation found that there were no mass destruction weapons in Iraq. There was no reason to justify the Iraq war. Even after arresting Sadam Hussein and putting him on the death penalty, security in Iraq could not recover but rather sectarian and tribal conflicts came to the surface and security became worse. In 2011 President Obama finally issued a declaration of the end of the war in Iraq and the US troops withdrew completely. But it was not true that US army withdrew because the war was over. It was true that in order to withdraw the troops the war has been terminated.

 

As soon as the US troops withdrew IS (Islamic States) invaded from Syria to the northern part of Iraq.

 

(To be continued ----)




drecom_ocin_japan at 09:16コメント(0) 
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